“If you’re a woman, you will earn less than a man.” Theresa May, 13 July 2016
After a recent crit feedback was to change the focus of this brief research around to focus on one area of feminism, an area that feminists campaigns around as it's a equality issue relevant and effecting people in the UK currently.
One of the issue disused heavily in research into feminism is the gender pay gap, this is current feminist issue many people in the UK and over the world face and a subject feminism aims to combat as this is an issue relating the equality issues across the world. This is an issue which focus on the lower pay of a women for the same jobs as a male due to their gender. Females getting paid less for being female.
What is the Gender pay Gap-
'The Gender Pay Gap Despite the Equal Pay Act 45 years ago, women still earn less than men in Britain today. The difference in pay between men and women remains the clearest and most dramatic example of inequality for women.'https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/policy-research/the-gender-pay-gap/
At EU level, the gender pay gap is defined as the relative difference in the average gross hourly earnings of women and men within the economy as a whole. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/advice-and-guidance/what-difference-between-gender-pay-gap-and-equal-pay
'The gender pay gap is an equality measure that shows the difference in average earnings between women and men. The UK gender pay gap is at its lowest level ever - just over 18 per cent. The gender pay gap does not show differences in pay for comparable jobs. Unequal pay for men and women has been illegal for 45 years.'https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-gender-pay-gap
Equal pay means that men and women in the same employment performing equal work must receive equal pay, as set out in the Equality Act 2010. The gender pay gap is a measure of the difference between men’s and women’s average earnings across an organisation or the labour market. It is expressed as a percentage of men’s earnings. In the Britain, there is an overall gender pay gap of 18.1%. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/advice-and-guidance/what-difference-between-gender-pay-gap-and-equal-pay
THE GENDER PAY GAP IS WHAT WOMEN ARE GETTING PAID ON AVERAGE COMPARED TO MEN NOT FOR THE SAME JOB, MEN ARE HIGHER UP SO HIGHER PAY
due to women being in different professions and working well hours. Is there a pay gap for the same job? can this be found?
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| is going down gradually |
Causes -
-WOMEN WORKING IN SECTOR WITH PAY THAT LESS
-WOMEN ONLY WORKING PART TIME
-MENA WORKING IN HIGHER UP JOB/CAREER LADDER
'The causes of the gender pay gap are complex and can be overlapping, but here are some of the factors: Girls often do well at school, but tend to end up concentrated in employment sectors that offer narrower scope for financial reward. On the other hand, many of the highest paying sectors are disproportionately made up of male employees. The difference in years of experience of full-time work - or the negative effect on wages of having previously worked part-time or of having taken time out of the labour market to look after family. Unconscious stereotyping, with assumptions about women not wanting to accept promotion, or not being in a position to do so, particularly where they have caring responsibilities. Women make up 47% of the workforce, but only 35% of managers, directors and senior officials.https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/advice-and-guidance/what-difference-between-gender-pay-gap-and-equal-pay
'The causes of the gender pay gap are complex and overlapping:
-A higher proportion of women choose occupations that offer less financial reward (e.g. administration). Many high paying sectors are disproportionately made up of male workers (e.g. information and communications technology).
-A much higher proportion of women work part-time, and part-time workers earn less than their full-time counterparts on average.
-Women are still less likely to progress up the career ladder into high paying senior roles.'
What is being done?When will it stop?
IT'S ILLEGAL/HAS BEEN OUT LAWED BUT STILL HAPPENS
'Women still earn significantly less than men on average and progress is laughably slow. One analysis, by consultants Deloitte, estimated that at this pace the pay gap will not be eradicated until 2069 – or 99 years after the Equal Pay Act.'https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/apr/02/uk-gender-pay-rankings-will-put-discrimination-under-spotlight
Worse for apprenticeship?
'Women earn on average 14% less than men, an 18-year-old woman can expect to earn £1,395 a year less than her male peers. But the issue is worse for female apprentices: male apprentices earn as much as £2,000 more than women a year' https://www.theguardian.com/careers/2017/mar/07/apprenticeship-pay-gap-gender-stereotypes-are-holding-women-back
'The pay gap is largely determined by the types of apprenticeships men and women do. Gender stereotypes make it difficult for many young women to enter male-dominated sectors like construction and engineering. Women are made to feel from a young age that these industries are more suited to men – and hiring managers often subconsciously think the same. If they do enter these sectors, women often face sexism comments or discrimination. So women tend to take up lower-paid apprenticeships in administration, care and beauty.' https://www.theguardian.com/careers/2017/mar/07/apprenticeship-pay-gap-gender-stereotypes-are-holding-women-back
'young mums in particular find it hard to support themselves during apprenticeships. A lack of flexible work, combined with low pay and childcare costs, means that apprenticeships are often not financially viable. Employers could tackle this issue by working to provide more flexible and part-time apprenticeships. Currently low pay and job insecurity is putting young women under significant financial pressure. A survey by the Young Women’s Trust found that 39% of young women “struggle to make their cash last until the end of the month”, while 25% said they were in debt all the time.'
https://www.theguardian.com/careers/2017/mar/07/apprenticeship-pay-gap-gender-stereotypes-are-holding-women-back
Where are women getting paid less?
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| https://www.forbes.com/sites/shreyaagarwal/2016/03/08/the-wage-gap-which-jobs-are-paying-women-less/#270d4b3959ac |
https://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=https://www.forbes.com/sites/shreyaagarwal/2016/03/08/the-wage-gap-which-jobs-are-paying-women-less/&refURL=https://www.google.co.uk/&referrer=https://www.google.co.uk/
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| https://www.glassdoor.com/blog/top-15-jobs-gender-pay-gap-biggest-smallest/ |
AGAIN THIS IS AMERICA BUT DOES SHOW THERE IS AN ISSUE
UK PAY DISPARTITY
https://www.gov.uk/government/news/research-finds-women-paid-less-than-men-in-90-of-sectors
'Women working full time are paid less than men in 90% of sectors, with those working in financial and insurance sectors among the worst affected, research shows.'
'The research finds that male workers are paid on average 19% more than female counterparts in almost all areas of the workforce. This research shows that women working in financial and insurance sectors, as well as other professional roles, are worst affected by the gap in pay – with some earning almost 40% less than men.'
''The stark findings on pay are further compounded by the fact that female students outperform males at all levels of education, from GCSEs and A-Levels, through to University and post-graduate studies – making them more likely to be highly skilled and qualified.'
'Our research shows that occupational segregation is a key factor at play here. Women are under-represented in a range of sectors and occupations that offer higher paying roles - for example fewer than 10% of British engineers are female.'
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/women-jobs-careers-12-per-cent-jobs-paying-150000-per-year-income-gender-pay-gap-equality-a7537306.html
'Women hold just 12% of full-time jobs paying £150,000 or more, new figures suggest.' AS WOEMN AREN'T IN THE HIGH PAID JOB THEY'RE MAKING LESS
'Sam Smethers, chief executive of the Fawcett Society, said: “We know that very few women make it into the highest earning senior roles. “This in turn drives the gender pay gap, which is over 50% at senior management level. “Until we get women to the top of organisations in significant numbers, we won't be promoting the best talent nor making the best decisions, massively holding back our productivity.” WOMEN ISN'T HIGHER UP THEREFORE GETTING PAID LESS
https://fullfact.org/economy/UK_gender_pay_gap/
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| HOW DOES IT WORK |
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| IT'S WORSE FOR DIFFERENT JOBS |
issue - women taking on less paying roles, women working part time,
Overall this research has showed that in selected job areas some of the higher up jobs even-though it's been made illegal are paying their employees drastically less due to their gender, women are getting paid less then their counterparts. Women and men are getting drastically paid less in full time employment for the same jobs. This research has also showed that in certain sectors of employment this is an issue which needs to be explored and fixed by the outcome for this brief.
PROBLEM - In selected job sectors women are getting paid drastically less than their male counterparts for the same job.
Also one of the issue this research highlighted is in general women do not have higher up job. Women are succeeding/getting better grades in the education system yet this is not reflect in the work force or in the work system where men take the majority of the higher up/higher paid jobs.
PROBLEM - Women in general are not taking higher up or higher paid job roles even after better school grades and education results. Why?
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